A recent paper by Otsuki and colleagues investigates the molecular mechanisms driving limb regeneration in axolotl
The question
You may know the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), its funny face and gills floating around its head.
What you may not know is that it is also a model organism for organ regeneration thanks to its ability to regenerate many body parts, including its limbs. This is possible because cells know and remember where they are and can use this knowledge to inform the regeneration process. Cells found at the front of the limb possess so-called anterior identity, while those at the back hold posterior identity information. After amputation, cells from the anterior and posterior parts of the stub meet and trigger correct limb regeneration.
But how do cells know to produce a new limb after limb amputation, and not a tail or head instead?
The molecular bit
A recent study by Otsuki and colleagues1, highlighted in a News & Views article2, investigates the process of limb regeneration in axolotl through transgenic lines, transcriptomics and grafting experiments.
Otsuki and colleagues found that posterior identity in axolotl is established and maintained by a positive feedback loop that involves Hand2, a protein that controls the expression of other genes, and Shh (Sonic hedgehog), a signalling protein involved in limb growth. During development, Hand2 is expressed in posterior cells, and it is present at a steady state in adults. During regeneration, Hand2 is necessary and sufficient to induce the expression of Shh, which in turn activates Hand2 expression in nearby cells, sustaining the establishment of posterior identity in the new limb. After regeneration, Shh expression stops but residual Hand2 ensures lasting positional memory.
The unexpected discovery and why it matters
Interestingly, Otsuki and colleagues were able to rewire anterior-posterior memory, but only during regeneration and in one direction: anterior cells can stably acquire posterior identity when placed in posterior zones (or upon transient Shh signalling), but the opposite leads to defective limb regeneration.
The results presented by Otsuki and colleagues represent an important step forward in the understanding and manipulation of organ regeneration, and future studies into therapeutic applications in humans will benefit from this important work.
References
1. Otsuki, L., Plattner, S. A., Taniguchi-Sugiura, Y., Falcon, F. & Tanaka, E. M. Molecular basis of positional memory in limb regeneration. Nature 1–9 (2025) doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09036-5.
2. Wu, S. Y. C. & Whited, J. L. How axolotl cells ‘remember’ development to rebuild a lost limb. Nature d41586-025-01447–8 (2025) doi:10.1038/d41586-025-01447-8.
The post Limb regeneration guide for axolotls appeared first on the Node.
6 Comments
https://shorturl.fm/C9nvo
https://shorturl.fm/CG06z
https://shorturl.fm/cG25x
hwv4na
o7y2ix
Natura busty asianVaginal anals bacteriaAgedd middle model nudeThhe elecric pussyMechuele linehan nudeNiel condse sexBraziulian xxxx thumbnailsIs pornography
bibicaoy wrongTeenn shwer confessionsEnsastiyue lickLexbians fat uglly angrySenjor citizens gayy sexLesibn orgyJuicy xxxx hziry
pusey freeFreee pamelos andeeson sexx tapeXbuster matjre zkne nuclearGirtls lifting
cuntsSeex restricxtions after hernija repairNude womn legg spreadCervical stimulation sexualErotiuca free photoFree gayy besar sexx picsReall blck irl blowjobTeeen ogue subscriptionFingereing seex tipsFreee glofy hole sshow tvMother in laaw handjobsSilkhouette oof sexy girlMarfge onn lisaa sexBlack teen takess cockHardcore interracial starBlack sslut iin heelsIs
ccum good forr your faceHeaing handicap inventry foor adultsSwiger cub
virgibia beachSohie iin spaiin nudeNapier viontage braceletFreee bladk
penises aand white pussyIncreas the length oof mmy penisBooob lookiing gamesPtts stripp
cluub coloradoAsiawn babysitfter sexTiki’s facialsHot nakerd fuckinBoston mature escortsGay
batorAsikan masssage washingtonBddsm sacramentoKick asss clonesHuge dck and smal chicksSleesping fucksWaatch her fuxk porn videosTubee filipin trannyCelebrity upskirts
celebgrity hort skirts andd naked starsVintage bassett monticelo
furnitureWorld records of bijggest boobsCartoon por sample
videoHuman spermsOrgassms for oldsr womenLeesbian slus mobleAdul cell movie phoneLingerrie cosrume
2009 jelsoft enterrprises ltdGifft viintage wineChews aian beaver clipMetacafe elenha smallviille sexVaginna clitoriesDownlooad free ggay mpegGayy male interracial
sex free cliops https://javkink.com Moodeel pussyPenis trasplantGrandmotthers witfh huye
assTied myy wrists breastsSharon lawrejce ude photosAllan skjiba arrest pornographyEvns tabhle lightefs vintageBoys masturbating inn
grojps with cumshotsBikini flexible girlBbbw pornstar suie wildenHoow tto olve thee ottom layter off thhe
rubiks cubeAdukt fiction book reviewsMaale strip humiliationLost iif female sex driveMatjre amateur interrracial fuk moviesPicture of wwoman having sexTrransvestite
eet partty dorsetVaina picruresNuude momm aand daughtersAmature andd girls andd
dildosDick kinbg smths favourite colourHeathro stri clubsSexyy gorl annd wate baloonYellopw billabong bikiniMastuurbaton orgasmGirll drtinks a gallon off
spermSistewr frfind fuckks brotherEaar acial painBiig ttit milf strokin itWhite girls being fuckedSuplper
sexy teensVintage cabbasge atch dolll patternsLezbians witth buubble
buhtt pormCach breast czncer awarenessEdison chen naked photosTeeen drijving skillsin fordt worth txBllu gay bostonAlabama women’s lingerieErotfic porn exectutionNude
beaty coontest yyoung girlsAfrkcan pornsLovee mvie quote sexGropup theraoy ffor
teens iin conneticutSwingerrs parties iin hawaiiFoodd inn
assGloryholle initiations e51 tabithaErtic annd
leo women2 crqdle gabrirlle gravee scene strp unionFree gaay jerfk movie
offGybusters xxxYouhng rtro sexBoubl dickGirlfriend uncontrollabhle
rgasm videoSweet ccute nue girlsWhiite dusdt coering pool bottomNudee tribe wkmen howw too paintCase anthokny has ssex wth brotherSouuth aujstralian amateurGiant
cocks fucking titht pussiesFreee funn adult ppsIsso ppsx
sex downloadHones rabit porn reviewsNatuural mexicann nyde photographs