for various , where is a parameter going to infinity, counts the number of zeroes of the Riemann zeta function of real part at least and imaginary part between and , and is an exponent which one would like to be as small as possible. The Riemann hypothesis would allow one to take for any , but this is an unrealistic goal, and in practice one would be happy with some non-trivial upper bounds on . A key target here is the density hypothesis that asserts that for all (this is in some sense sharp because the Riemann-von Mangoldt formula implies that ); this hypothesis is currently known for and , but the known bounds are not strong enough to establish this hypothesis in the remaining region. However, there was a recent advance of Guth and Maynard, which among other things improved the upper bound on from to , marking the first improvement in this bound in over four decades. Here is a plot of the best known upper bounds on , either unconditionally, assuming the density hypothesis, or the stronger Lindelöf hypothesis:
One of the reasons we care about zero density theorems is that they allow one to localize the prime number theorem to short intervals. In particular, if we have the uniform bound for all , then this leads to the prime number theorem
holding for all if , and for almost all (possibly excluding a set of density zero) if . For instance, the Guth-Maynard results give a prime number theorem in almost all short intervals for as small as , and the density hypotheis would lower this just to .
However, one can ask about more information on this exceptional set, in particular to bound its “dimension” , which roughly speaking amounts to getting an upper bound of on the size of the exceptional set in any large interval . Based on the above assertions, one expects to only be bounded by for , be bounded by for , but have some intermediate bound for the remaining exponents.
This type of question had been studied in the past, most direclty by Bazzanella and Perelli, although there is earlier work by many authors om some related quantities (such as the second moment of prime gaps) by such authors as Selberg and Heath-Brown. In most of these works, the best available zero density estimates at that time were used to obtain specific bounds on quantities such as , but the numerology was usually tuned to those specific estimates, with the consequence being that when newer zero density estimates were discovered, one could not readily update these bounds to match. In this paper we abstract out the arguments from previous work (largely based on the explicit formula for the primes and the second moment method) to obtain an explicit relationship between and , namely that
where
Actually, by also utilizing fourth moment methods, we obtain a stronger bound
where
and is the exponent in “additive energy zero density theorems”
where is similar to , but bounds the “additive energy” of zeroes rather than just their cardinality. Such bounds have appeared in the literature since the work of Heath-Brown, and are for instance a key ingredient in the recent work of Guth and Maynard. Here are the current best known bounds:
These explicit relationships between exponents are perfectly suited for the recently launched Analytic Number Theory Exponent Database (ANTEDB) (discussed previously here), and have been uploaded to that site.
This formula is moderately complicated (basically an elaborate variant of a Legendre transform), but easy to calculate numerically with a computer program. Here is the resulting bound on unconditionally and under the density hypothesis (together with a previous bound of Bazzanella and Perelli for comparison, where the range had to be restricted due to a gap in the argument we discovered while trying to reproduce their results):
For comparison, here is the situation assuming strong conjectures such as the density hypothesis, Lindelof hypothesis, or Riemann hypothesis:
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